One of Venezuela’s major problems, and one of the most difficult to solve, was that of communications; the great extension of the territory, the different altimetric and morphological characteristics of the country, as well as the lack of manpower, technicians and capital, have contributed, for a long period of time, to making the road conditions… Read More »
The material difficulties for its realization (costs, technical systems, space) and the scarcity of applicants, greatly influenced the slowed development of Venezuelan sculpture, from independence to the 1940s. 20 °. While in the Colony the wooden sculpture counted on the permanent patronage of the Church and the faithful, helping to forge a tradition configured by… Read More »
The eastern section of the Caribbean Mountains is also made up of two ranges, but the southern one (Sierra de Cumaná) is the highest and widest, reaching 2010 m. in Turumiquire south of Cumaná; it is mainly formed by limestone and sandstone; the karst phenomenon is widespread in the limestones. The northern chain, crystalline, does… Read More »
Four major regions are distinguished in Venezuela, very different from each other in physical, anthropogenic and economic conditions: a northern mountainous region, a coastal region, the plains (llanos) of the Orinoco, and the Guiana plateau, of which it is included within the Venezolan borders throughout the north-western part. The northern mountainous region and the coastal… Read More »
Population The population, according to a United Nations estimate, reached 23,242. 000 residents in 1998 ; the average annual growth rate is estimated at around 25%. Infant mortality is 21%. The urbanization rate, definitely the highest in Latin America (87 %), is increasing further (with an average annual positive variation of around 2.5 %), despite… Read More »
Founded in Paris in 1950, short-lived but with strong implications for abstract art, the Los Disidentes group gathered young people interested in innovative openings in international art, against the line of affirmation of the autochthonous, represented by the Taller Libre de Arte, founded in 1948 in Caracas. Starting from those years it is very difficult… Read More »
Salas was also in Paris with a scholarship (1905); continuing the tradition, he studied with J.-P. Laurens and exhibited in official exhibitions; he went to Spain (1907-1908) following the painting of the Spaniards, Soroya, Mir and Zuloaga more than the French one. Salas’s works in Caracas can be found in the Casa de Bolívar, in… Read More »
At the beginning of the century. 20 ° the attention of the Venezuelan intellectual class focused on the very young Tito (Británico Antonio) Salas (1887-1974), considered the successor of the nineteenth-century history painters, a genre started by J. Lovera (1778-1841) and who had as maximum exponent M. Tovar y Tovar (1827-1902), and the heir of… Read More »
Music. – Until the mid-sixties the musical movement in Venezuela remained linked to the nationalistic current, which arose during the twenties with VE Sojo (1887-1974) and JB Plaza (1898-1965), and developed in the second quarter of the century through the work of the younger composers who had trained at their school. During the Thirties some… Read More »
The poetic experience of R. Cadenas, G. Sucre and J. Calzadilla had already anticipated the forms of a lyric centered on brevity. The consolidation of this poetics – emblematic of the collection by R. Pérez So Para morirnos de otro sueño (1970), who understands lyric as an expression, stripped of all rhetoric and reduced to… Read More »
Until the 1950s it had dominated a narrative tradition on social issues. G. Meneses (1911-1979), with his stories but above all with the novel El false cuaderno de Narciso Espejo (1953), inaugurates a writing that opens up to existential problems and revolves around the individual seen as being isolated and vulnerable. Among the later writers… Read More »
The oil industry, whose products make up 75% of the value of Venezuela’s exports and which has brought about a real revolution in the economy of the country since, in 1917, the first drilling. The most important oil areas are two: that which includes the Maracaibo basin and the Coro region up to the mouth… Read More »
During the 1990s, the Venezuelan electorate’s distrust of the two parties in power, the Christian Democratic Party Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (COPEI) and the Social Democratic Acción Democrática (AD), which had not been able to administer the immense oil wealth of the country (between 1976 and 1995 the sale of oil had made… Read More »
R. Betancourt happily carried out his mandate (1959-64), proving to be capable and shrewd head of state. He faced with decision the problems left to him by the dictatorship of Fr Jiménez and tried to bridge the gulf between the enormous wealth resulting from oil and the misery of the masses. But the attempt to… Read More »
Venezuela Federal state of South America. The colonial period and independence . Inhabited by the Carib and Aruachi Indians, reached by C. Colombo on his third voyage (1498), Venezuela was the subject of a failed colonization attempt by the Welser bankers of Augusta, to whom Charles V had granted exploration rights in 1528 and administration.… Read More »
Venezuela is a federal state of South America, bordering to the East with Guyana, to the South with Brazil and to the West with Colombia ; to the N it overlooks the Caribbean Sea and a small part of the Atlantic Ocean, to the East of the island of Trinidad. 1.1 Morphology The Venezuela is… Read More »
Flora and Vegetation. – They are both very rich and especially useful plants of all kinds abound. The coasts and the lower slopes of the mountains, including the lower Orinoco and the Maracaibo basin, have typical tropical vegetation. The most widespread group, from sea level to 1000 msm, is that of the Palms (only the… Read More »
The history of cinema in Venezuela intersects in depth with the political and cultural development of the country and with the economic phases that have gone through it. The first public screening took place on 28 January 1897 in Maracaibo where, together with a program of Lumière shorts, two films shot in Venezuela, Un célebre… Read More »
When oil is not enough Venezuela is one of the first oil producing countries in the world, a large exporter of minerals and tropical products, rich in good agricultural land and pastures, not without industries: yet the country has experienced a series of serious socio-economic crises for decades. policies. The history of Venezuela represents a… Read More »
ART AND ARCHITECTURE For the violent earthquakes and for the demolitions carried out since the end of the 19th century. to renew the appearance of the cities, in particular of Caracas, there are few testimonies of the colonial period. Among these, the cathedral of Coro (begun in 1589); in Caracas, S. Francisco (1593, rebuilt in… Read More »
The enthusiasm for kinetic art in the 1960s and 1970s confirmed the aspiration of Venezuelan artists to integrate with the most advanced movements. In a period of economic well-being due to the huge oil revenues, this orientation found the support of the political class, eager to give the Venezuela an image of a modern country… Read More »
In the Venezuelan architecture and urban planning of the Eighties there is a tendency to elaborate typologies and details in full compliance with the environmental conditions and pre-existing structures. The development of this new orientation contrasts the importation of models, which in Venezuela were often used without care of the context and, as a consequence… Read More »
Anthropology. – Even today the most extensive data that we have on the anthropology of Venezuela are those due to Marcano and refer only to pre-Columbian skulls of various places, some of which today no longer belong to Venezuela, having passed to Colombia, but which, nevertheless, they can be considered to represent well the state… Read More »
The tobacco crop is conspicuous and in full development, especially in the warm and temperate areas of the regions of Coro, Cumaná, Maturín, Puerto Cabello, Valencia and Maracay; gives about 44,500 q. a year of product which is partly handled in the country’s numerous cigar and cigarette manufacturers, partly exported, especially to Germany, which is… Read More »
From an economic point of view, the Venetian territory can be divided into three different areas, namely: an agricultural and mining area, essentially consisting of the coastal and mountainous regions; a predominantly pastoral area, including the immense llanos of the interior; and finally a forest area (Guiana). The agricultural and mining area is very large:… Read More »
Demographics and economic geography State of South America. At the last official statistical survey of 2011, the population was equal to 28,946,101 residents, Mainly concentrated in the urban areas of the northern regions, including that of Caracas: on the same date, the city reached 2.1 million residents, 2.9 million the agglomeration and 4.4 million the… Read More »
In February 1986 the government reached an agreement with the creditor banks to repay the external debt within 12 years; the agreement, the first in Latin America signed without having to accept a stabilization program indicated by the IMF, provided for the possibility of modifying the timing of payments in the event of sudden changes… Read More »
Population and economic conditions. -The population (which at the 1990 census amounted to 19,405,429 residents And to 20,400,000 residents According to 1993 registry estimates) grows at an annual rate of 2.4% (average for the period 1987-92) and has one of the highest urbanization rates in the world (90.5%). The birth rate exceeds 30ı, the mortality… Read More »
Population. – According to the census carried out in 1971, Venezuela counted 10,721,522 residents, distributed in a rather irregular way in the 24 administrative districts (20 states, 2 territories, Federal District and Federal Dependencies) as shown in table 1. According to population estimates in 1978 the population was 13,122,000 residents. The capital Caracas, in 1973,… Read More »
The official denomination of the state was changed, in accordance with the constitution of April 15, 1953, from Estados Unidos de Venezuela to that of República de Venezuela. The Venezolan population, which at the 1950 census was 5,034,838 residents, rose in 1959 to 6,607,475 (7 per km 2); more than half of this increase is… Read More »