Modern Ukraine as an independent state appeared on the political map of Europe in the year of 1991. According to historyaah, the formation of the state territory was a long and complex historical process. The most ancient state formation on the lands of present-day Ukraine was the Scythian state (7-3 centuries BC). The first state… Read More »
The development of communication routes and means of transport is certainly still insufficient: even in this case it is not, of course, a problem restricted to Ukraine alone. It is a fact that affects the whole of the USSR Ukraine, for mainly geographical reasons, is actually better favored than the other regions of the USSR… Read More »
Population, society and rights Among the countries of the former Soviet Union, Ukraine is the second most populous state after Russia. However, compared to 51.5 million in 1990, the population today consists of just over 45 million residents, a demographic reduction due to the worsening of economic and social conditions and therefore to massive emigration.… Read More »
PREHISTORY The Middle Paleolithic, identified in sites of the Crimea, is characterized by lithic industries comparable to those of the Mousterian of Western Europe. For the most ancient period of the Ukraine, the open-air site Moldova I (Moldova) has 9 living levels, of which 5 are Mousterian, and remains of mammoth bones dated to 44,000… Read More »
Population The Ukraine, Due to aging of the population (the mortality rate is over 15 ‰, compared with a birth to ‘ 11, 2 ‰), have recently shown a slight population decline and residents, which in the census of 1995 were equal to 51. 700. 000, in 1998, according to official estimates, had fallen to… Read More »
The Ukrainian population includes, in addition to the Ukrainians, 2,800.o00 Great Russians, 1,500,000 Jews, 500,000 Poles, 400,000 Germans, 250,000 Moldavians, 100,000 Greeks, as well as White Russians, Bulgarians, Tatars, Persians, Gypsies, Latvians, Lithuanians, etc. . Already called Little Russians in Russia, the Ukrainians were called Ruthenians in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. They, like the Great Russians,… Read More »
The Ukrainian people have a total of over forty million residents; this figure however fluctuates considerably, given that the great majority of Ukrainians, living within the territory of the former Russian empire, were not in the relatively recent past recognized as a separate nationality, but only as a “little Russian” branch of the Russian people… Read More »
Literature. – Ukrainian literature of the last decade reflects the profound changes experienced by the country. Between 2004, the year of the ‘orange revolution’, and the present moment, from the ‘revolution of dignity’ in 2013-14 to the subsequent war scenarios, the geopolitical upheaval has revived the identity issue of a nation traditionally divided between the… Read More »
From the origins to the Ukrainian Baroque The origins of Ukrainian literature historically correspond to the period of the Kiev principality (988-1240). At this stage it is not possible to distinguish between the literatures that would later be defined as Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian; for this reason the rich patrimony of Kievian Rus´, from religious… Read More »
Only with the emergence of works written in a language, even if partially distinct from the Great Russian, can a Ukrainian literature begin in the strict meaning of the word. But for this to be evident, it is also necessary to bear in mind the distinction not only geographic but historical between the Ukraine, which… Read More »
The thirty years 1960-90 is one of the most creative and fruitful periods of Ukrainian literature, and marks a definitive break with the forms of socialist realism imposed by the Soviet regime. Having embarked on an autonomous path with determination and awareness finally free from suffocating ideological shackles, literature unreservedly tackles a wide range of… Read More »
Ukrainian (for the relationship with the Ruthenian term, see Ruthenians ; a third term, which has fallen into disuse, is piccolorusso, so called in opposition to granderusso, now used only to indicate the set of dialects on which the Russian literary language rests) is spoken in a territory whose northern and eastern border is a… Read More »
The territory of the Soviet Federative Republic of the Ukraine (USSR), after the annexation (1945) of the Ukraine western, northern Bukovina, part of Bessarabia and Ukraine Transcarpatica, was further enlarged in 1954 with the annexation of Crimea, which was part of the Russian RFSS, and reached an area of 601,000 km 2 in which 45… Read More »
Formerly a federated republic within the USSR, since 24 August 1991 it constitutes an independent republic adhering to the Commonwealth of Independent States, in whose foundation it took part on 21 December 1991, together with ten other republics of the former USSR. It includes Crimea, which was part of the Russian Federation until 1954, and… Read More »
Among the reasons that prevented the achievement of the ambitious objectives that L. Kučma had assigned himself in the field of economic policy and that provoked, in the summer-autumn of 1998, a financial crisis that immediately appeared difficult to solve, a particular role must be assigned to the political instability that since 1992characterized the country… Read More »
In the course of the complex process that led to the dissolution of the USSR, the Ukraine was born as an independent state when its president L. Kravciuk signed in Minsk on December 8, 1991, together with the Russian president B. El’zin and the Belarusian president S. Shuskevič, a declaration acknowledging that ” the Soviet… Read More »
More than twenty years after its independence, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Ukraine experienced a political instability that worsened considerably between 2013 and 2014, risking to lead to a civil war. Since its birth as an independent state, the country had shown a serious internal conflict, deriving from the cultural division between… Read More »
Already towards the end of the 1980s, in the general context of the fall of the communist regimes, a nationalist trend re-emerged in the Ukraine, the scene of the very serious nuclear accident in Chernobyl´ in 1986, which was also adopted by a part of the communist leadership. The Ukraine proclaimed independence from the Soviet… Read More »
Ukraine, independent since 1991, has constantly suffered from the legacy of the Soviet period which conditioned its relations both with Russia and the other countries that emerged from the Soviet dissolution, as well as with the Euro-Atlantic interlocutors. Almost all of the territory of Ukraine has belonged for centuries before the Russian Empire, then the… Read More »
Ukraine Eastern European state, bordered to the North and E with Russia, again to the North with Belarus, to the South with Romania and Moldavia, to the SW with Hungary, to the West with Slovakia and Poland ; it also overlooks the Black Sea for a large stretch. Physical characteristics Most of the territory consists… Read More »
Federated Republic of the Soviet Union, more precisely known as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, or USSR. Ukraine measures 443,080 sq. Km., including 8419 sq. Km. which constitute the surface of the autonomous republic of Moldova. Ukraine occupies the entire south-western part of the USSR and borders to the north with White Russia and the… Read More »
Ukraine On the edge of greater Russia Among the new states that arose from the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine is one of those with the greatest potential, due to the richness of natural products and the diffusion of industries and infrastructures. But he is also among those who have suffered most from the… Read More »
The primary factor in the economic life of Ukraine is agriculture, which, like in every other part of the USSR, occupies about four fifths of the population. The excellent conditions of the soil, occupied on very vast expanses by the è ernozem, allow a large and easy cultivation of cereals and beets. Above all, the… Read More »
The Ukrainian economy presents the typical characteristics of the transition from a planned socialist system to a free market one, open to international trade and investment. The program of economic liberalization and financial austerity promoted since 1994 by President L. Kučma, with the support of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, as well… Read More »
Following the agreements of the Yalta Conference, for which Poland ceded a large area of its eastern part to the Soviet Union, the entire former Polish section of Volhynia and Podolia and eastern Galicia were aggregated to Ukraine (Voivodeships of Volhynia, Tarnopol and Stanisławów and the eastern part of Lviv). With the end of the… Read More »
Eastern European state. At the 2001 census the country hosted 48,457,100 residents, 67% of which were urban residents. In 2014 the population decreased further, recording – according to the State statistics service of Ukraine – 45.426.200 residents and an even lower figure (44,941,303 residents) according to an estimate by UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic… Read More »
HUMAN AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY The population which was 48,457,102 residents at the 2001 census it is decreasing due to the negative natural and migratory balance (respectively – 5.6 ‰ and – 0.4 ‰ in 2006). The 77.8 % of the population is made up of the Ukrainian and 17.3 % Russian; small minorities of Belarusians,… Read More »
Since 1992, conventional Ukrainian forces have been reduced exponentially, from more than 600,000 to less than 130,000 troops. Nonetheless, the Ukrainian army is the largest of the European non-member countries of the N ato. Military spending now stands at 3.15% of GDP, recording a slight decline compared to the second half of the 1990s. Ukraine… Read More »
The climate of Ukraine is highly variable. Winter is quite harsh, so that the streams freeze from mid-December to mid-March. Spring starts very late and is short. Summer, on the other hand, is hot, not to mention very hot, especially towards the south-east. The strong heats, with absolute maximums even higher than 35 °, continue… Read More »
From the Middle Ages to the 19th century The handicraft production of the nomads of the steppes and some gold and silver objects of Greek and Hellenistic origin are the most notable artistic manifestations of the Ukraine during the first centuries AD Art in the principalities of Kiev and Černigov in the 10th century. 11th-12th… Read More »