According to historyaah, the oldest state formations on the territory of Iran appeared in the beginning. 3 thousand BC In the 6th c. BC. the Achaemenid Empire arose, which fell as a result of the conquest of Alexander the Great. In the 7th century Iran was conquered by the Arabs, Zoroastrianism was replaced by Islam.… Read More »
The Pahlavi dynasty. The victory over the absolutist resistances was frustrated by the outbreak of the First World War, during which the neutrality of the country was violated by both warring parties. After the war, Reza Pahlavi emerged, a nationalist soldier known as Reza Khan who, with mainly British help, expelled the Qagiar, assumed the… Read More »
Iran is a state of southwestern Asia, bordering Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan to the North (where the limit is also provided by the Caspian Sea), Afghanistan and Pakistan to the East, Turkey and Iraq to the West, while to the South it overlooks the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. For Iran society, please check homosociety.com.… Read More »
Founder of the Safavid dynasty was Ismail (1483-1524), descendant of the shaikh Safi ad-Din, eponym of the dynasty, who had acquired great religious and moral authority in his city, Ardabil, and in much of Azerbaijan, which soon became political.. In a series of successful campaigns to the east, Ismail managed to conquer a territory roughly… Read More »
The Sassanid empire. The name derives from that of Sasan, ancestor of Ardashir. The empire lasted four centuries and in foreign policy the Parthian tradition continued, in a chronic war against Rome first, and then, from the 5th century, against Byzantium. As regards the organization of the state and internal events, this period is better… Read More »
Southwestern Asian state. The data from the last national census in 2006 are still partial and are being processed by the Iranian Bureau of Statistics. Preliminary data show that the total number of residents has exceeded 68 million units, with an increase of over 7 million compared to the 1996 census and over 3 million… Read More »
Upon Khomeini’s death, Khamanei succeeded him as religious leader of the country. The moderate and pragmatic conservative ‛AA Rafsangiani was elected to the presidency of the Republic. canonical law on the line of rigor (veil to women, prohibition of alcohol etc.) which had belonged to Khomeini. Meanwhile, the Iranian economy, affected by the complex political… Read More »
In the early years of the 21st century, the reformist current, whose point of reference was represented by the president of the republic in office Muḥammad Khātamī, and the conservative alignment within the which was emerging the personality of the new mayor of Tehran, elected in 2003, Maḥmūd Aḥmadīnejād, a civilian who in the Eighties,… Read More »
The Iranian literary panorama continues to record a greater success of works in prose, in terms of both production and reception, to the detriment of poetry, a privileged literary form from the origins of the Persian literary tradition up, at least, to the last century. In the world of prose it is the short story… Read More »
The origins The literature of Iran ancient begins with the sacred book of Zoroastrianism, the Avesta, the oldest parts of which (the Gāthā) date back to Zarathustra himself (perhaps 7th-6th century BC). They are contrasted by the Yasht , or hymns, which reflect an elaboration of the primitive Zoroastrian doctrine, contaminated with residues of the… Read More »
In the last thirty years the literature of the Iran it seems to show a continuation of the main guidelines identified for the previous period. Apart from that poetry which still uses classical formal instruments and which also gave some notable representatives such as Maleko ‘sh-Sho’arā’ Bahār (died 1951), who knew how to infuse new… Read More »
The different phases of the Islamic revolution have left traces and marked differences in the literature. The freedom granted in the first years by the new state to the creative imagination (more than seventy plays were composed during the first post-revolutionary years) was gradually replaced by censorship; literature has partly taken the path of exile.… Read More »
The modern Iranian dialects continue quite faithfully the distribution already outlined since the time of the most ancient documentation, since, despite the fact that the Perside dialect was assumed in three successive ages as a language of culture, the a. pers. of the inscriptions, the so-called pahlavīe the modern Persian, lacked the formation of a… Read More »
1.1 Morphology The territory, a central-western section of the largest Iranian region, is formed by a complex of other lands, whose distinctive geographical character emerges from the contrast between the mountain ranges that surround it on each side and the interior, a plateau divided into separate basins. of various sizes, without outflow to the sea… Read More »
Iran is a state in south-western Asia, bordering by land with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan to the N (where, however, the limit is also provided for a stretch by the Caspian Sea), Afghanistan and the Pakistan to the E, Turkey and Iraq to the West, while to the South it overlooks the Persian Gulf and… Read More »
Population At the 1996 census the population of the Iran it amounted to approximately 60 million units; in 1998, a UN estimate attributed the country to 65,758,000 residents. The annual growth rate is still very high today and exposes the country to the dramatic consequences of overpopulation. Over the last few decades, birth rates have… Read More »
The Islamic Republic of Iran, proclaimed on 1 April 1979, has overcome numerous moments of crisis in twenty years of existence: the first, which started a very long period of tension with the United States, was determined by the occupation of the American embassy in Teherān: many of the officials taken hostage remained prisoners of… Read More »
Now far from the power games, Khomeini died on 4 June 1989; a few months earlier, as a lawyer, he had had time to judge the novel Satanic Verses as blasphemousby the writer Salman Rushdie and, consequently, to issue the death sentence against the author, inciting the Muslim faithful to carry it out. The end… Read More »
From 1 April 1979 the Iran it has become an Islamic Republic. With the new constitution, the supreme authority of the country is the Wālī faqīh, the religious head of the Shiites appointed by the clergy, who, although not having well-defined tasks, exercises a supervisory function over the institutions, laws enacted and the main organs… Read More »
Upon his return from Paris, the Ayatollah appointed a provisional government chaired by Mahdi Bazargan, but royal power was assumed by an Islamic Revolutionary Council designated by Khomeini himself. On 1 April, following a popular referendum, the Islamic Republic of Iran was proclaimed and in December a second referendum approved a new Constitution which included,… Read More »
Thanks to the nuclear deal, the country has emerged from the international isolation in which it found itself, but the instability of the surrounding regions may represent a risk factor for Tehran’s national interests. And for the balance of the whole world. For Iran government and politics, please check a2zgov.com. Hassan Rouhani With the signing –… Read More »
Iran A rugged landscape and a great wealth in the subsoil An enormous territory, harsh and poor, but with the wealth of oil; the legacy of one of the most dynamic empires of antiquity, but with a strict attachment to religion: Iran mixes these contradictory ingredients and attempts a difficult development. A beautiful and problematic… Read More »
The first examples of cinema came in Iran at the beginning of the twentieth century, introduced by the official photographers of the royal house, who were commissioned by the shāh to document the activity of the sovereigns and the religious rites and then screen the short films to the dignitaries of the court, in occasion… Read More »
Paradoxically, it was the increasingly widespread practice of dubbing foreign films in fāarsi that gave a new boost to national production at the end of the 1940s. One of the main architects was Esma’il Kushan who, after having achieved considerable success importing foreign films dubbed in Turkey in Iran, in 1948 founded a production company… Read More »
The flourishing of authors and works linked to the nouvelle vague movement, which coincided with the period of greatest development of the national film industry (in 1972 90 films were produced, about 400 cinemas were active and spectators exceeded 100 million), nevertheless represented a marginal phenomenon in the context of Iranian production, which otherwise remained… Read More »
The flare-up of the popular uprising against the shāh regime and the 1979 revolution, which led to the Iran to become an Islamic Republic led by āyatollāh Khomeyni, they also had repercussions on cinema, which saw production prospects and artistic freedoms change due to the repression exercised by the censorship bodies imposed by the new… Read More »
Benefiting from a new spike in the price of crude oil on international markets (which occurred following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait), between 1990 and 1993 the Iranian economy recorded high growth, with a change in GDP in real terms of 7, 5 % on annual average. The sharp increase in revenues from oil exports has… Read More »
With the 16th century classical literature has completed its cycle, and settles into the mechanical repetition of trite themes and motifs. This decline lasted until the 19th century, with the exception of the popular genre of the sacred drama ta‛ziya. As regards the literature of the modern age, 5 periods can be distinguished, linked to… Read More »
3.4 PERIOD OF THE LITERATURE OF NEO-CAPITALISM It characterized the years following the Second World War, but above all the ouster from power of Prime Minister MH Mossadeq (1953). The process of Westernization intensified: intellectuals reacted to the frenzied race for development, drawing attention to the serious social imbalances that ensued. Among the writers of… Read More »
In addition to the clues that we have from the a. pers. insc., the precocious decline of the Iranian towards the analytic type is revealed in the elements that from the Iranian have penetrated into other languages already a few centuries before the vulgar era. Apart from the proper Iranian names that appear in the… Read More »