Meanwhile, the ideas of a Denmark up to the Eider were returning to appear; and Scandinavism, which aspired to an alliance with Sweden-Norway, revived. To second the program of the former, Hall, president of ministers since 1857, resolved to give a single government to Denmark and Schleswig; what was done in November 1863, just when Christian IX (1863-1906) ascended the throne. But by signing such a constitution, Christian IX violated the agreement concluded with Prussia; and the latter, who then had Bismarck as prime minister, demanded that the constitution itself be abolished no later than January 1, 1864. Hall having refused, he had to resign and Monrad was charged with forming a ministry to settle the matter. But the war had already broken out: the Germans occupied Holstein in December 1863-January 1864 and advanced on February 1 to Schleswig. On February 3, the Danish general de Meza was forced to leave the Danevirke and retreat behind the trenches of Düppel (Dybbøl), which were occupied on March 18 by the Germans. On the sea, Denmark got a big victory over an Austrian team near Helgoland. An agreement was tried in vain at the London conference; the war was resumed and on 29 June the Prussians moved to Alsen. Hence the fall of the Monrad ministry; and the Bluhme ministry had to conclude the peace of Vienna, with which Denmark ceded the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg. Danish hopes were rekindled in 1866, when it was established in the peace of Prague between Austria and Prussia. For Denmark 2017, please check mathgeneral.com.
The defeat of ’64, if it provoked a strong irritation against the national-liberals, believed to be responsible for the war, nevertheless had the effect that the healthy forces of the country were concentrated in a work directed towards internal development. Starting from 1870 agriculture, industry, trade had a very rapid development. In agriculture there was the transition from cereal cultivation to cattle breeding; and a continuous growing rationalization of production, implemented above all thanks to cooperative enterprises and credit associations, set up by the farmers themselves. Politically, immediately after the war of 1864, the struggle for the constitution was rekindled between the party of the left agrarians, which wanted the constitution of June 1849 to be applied in all its integrity, and the conservatives and national-liberals who wanted a combination of that constitution and the other of 1863. The agreement between one of the conservative leaders, Count Frijs-Frijsenborg, and JA Hansen, leader of one of the left agrarian groups, it allowed a compromise to be reached; and thus, when Frijs became president of the ministers (1865), a new constitution was approved (July 28, 1866), the main characteristic of which consisted in assuring the landowners a strong influence in the Landsting, which was therefore largely conservative. In the Folketing, on the other hand, the agrarians on the left were in the majority, who in turn were divided into three. groups: i and JA Hansen, head of one of the left-wing agrarian groups, allowed a compromise to be reached; and thus, when Frijs became president of the ministers (1865), a new constitution was approved (July 28, 1866), the main characteristic of which consisted in assuring the landowners a strong influence in the Landsting, which was therefore largely conservative. In the Folketing, on the other hand, the agrarians on the left were in the majority, who in turn were divided into three. groups: i and JA Hansen, head of one of the left-wing agrarian groups, allowed a compromise to be reached; and thus, when Frijs became president of the ministers (1865), a new constitution was approved (July 28, 1866), the main characteristic of which consisted in assuring the landowners a strong influence in the Landsting, which was therefore largely conservative. In the Folketing, on the other hand, the agrarians on the left were in the majority, who in turn were divided into three. groups: i which was therefore largely conservative. In the Folketing, on the other hand, the agrarians on the left were in the majority, who in turn were divided into three. groups: i which was therefore largely conservative. In the Folketing, on the other hand, the agrarians on the left were in the majority, who in turn were divided into three. groups: i Bjørnbakker, far left; the popular agrarians of the left and the national agrarians of the left who approached the liberal nationals. In the remainder, the Folketing was made up almost entirely of national-liberals, who represented the middle class of the cities and the clerks. The Frijs ministry was by its origin a ministry of compromise, which could not last long; and came into conflict with the left-wing popular agrarians in the question concerning the transfer of the tenant system to individual property, he was replaced in May 1870 by the Holstein-Holsteinborg ministry, in which representatives of landowners and national-liberals joined. This gave the impetus to the formation of a new conservative party.
After 1870, socialist ideas spread among the workers, especially thanks to L. Pio; but the political struggle still remained centralized in the conflict between agrarians and conservatives. The relations of the former with the government became so strained that effective legislative work was not possible. The various ministries had to resign, until the king entrusted the government to the strongest personality of the conservative party, JBS Estrup. The latter, who had proposed to uphold the king’s right to appoint ministers to the extreme, managed to remain in power for 19 years, despite the harsh attacks of the left agrarians. But the opposition did not disarm: widely supported by the population, it fiercely opposed the government, both in the question of the budget and in the question of military spending. And since the elections of 1881 attributed a notable increase in seats to the agrarians of the left, in 1882 the opposition intensified to the point of putting an end to all legislative activity. As the crisis worsened, in 1885, the government was forced to promulgate provisional laws on the budget and the press, and to prepare its own defense, with the creation of a corps of gendarmes, measures that were followed by others in the following years. This attitude of the government already in 1886 induced the moderates and the majority of the agrarian left to try to carry out the legislative work in agreement with the government; but the Democrats continued their bitter opposition. Finally, on 1 April 1894, an agreement was reached between the government and the Folketing: on the budget, on the abolition of provisional laws, on the acceptance of a law relating to the army and the preservation of the fortifications of Copenhagen. The agreement also resulted in the resignation of the Estrup ministry. Then followed three conservative-moderate ministries: the ministries of Reedtdtz-Thott (1894-97), of Harring (1897-1900) and of Sehested (1900-01). However, in the elections of 1895, the opponents of the agreement succeeded in the majority who, united under the direction of IC Christensen, demanded a new law on customs tariffs, income and property taxes, reduction of military expenses and distribution of land among the tenants. But to these old party divisions, the class struggle between workers and entrepreneurs was now added: the former united in trade unions in 1898, the latter organized themselves, and in 1899 they tried to overthrow the trade union movement with a lockout. The fight lasted for several months and finally an arrangement was reached, creating the institution of referees, which had to resolve all the issues that arose at work. With 1901 the left agrarians finally came to power; and then there was a series of reforms: the old land taxes were replaced by taxes on wealth and income, and tithes were abolished. But within the party itself there was a group that considered the reform movement still too slow: thus in 1905 the democratic party was formed (With 1901 the left agrarians finally came to power; and then there was a series of reforms: the old land taxes were replaced by taxes on wealth and income, and tithes were abolished. But within the party itself there was a group that considered the reform movement still too slow: thus in 1905 the democratic party was formed (With 1901 the left agrarians finally came to power; and then there was a series of reforms: the old land taxes were replaced by taxes on wealth and income, and tithes were abolished. But within the party itself there was a group that considered the reform movement still too slow: thus in 1905 the democratic party was formed (Det radikale Venstre), who put the reduction of military spending at the forefront of his program.
After Christian IX died in 1906, and was succeeded by Federic VIII first (1906-1912), then Crestian X, the political struggle continued almost on the same directives: political prevalence of moderate agrarians until 1909, of democrats (1908-1910), again moderate agrarians (1910-1913), then again of the democrats and social democrats. The main topics of discussion are still military issues (increase of the army and fleet, new fortifications, etc.); and then from 1910 the project to modify the constitution, in the sense of lowering the age of voters to 25 years, granting the vote to women, and changing the composition of the Landsting. While this project, which had already been rejected twice by the Landsting, was resubmitted in the House, the world war broke out.
